It has been really helpful to read all your comments. I think sometimes being in a marriage can be isolating...you don't want to reveal what is going wrong as your friends then label your marriage as bad, but you also need to talk to people to understand if your situation is normal, or if your thought process is on track. I think being in another country with very different expectations/customs/cultures also makes me question my thinking sometimes when I try to figure out if I am being reasonable or not.
Everyone had a great point to make, mostly about more communication and compromise, but for whatever reason this has not worked for me. Of course I have tried that over the years, but this isn't a topic that my husband has patience to discuss. Sometimes I think he hopes that avoiding it is the best answer, because then we maintain the status quo, which of course is the path he prefers. HowardCombs' comments were also good to express, almost exactly, my husband's thought process. I cannot say he or my husband are wrong in their thinking - they just prioritize differently, as thanka2 said, from the way I prioritize things. Therefore I cannot make my husband understand, no matter how much talking I do, how important it is for me to go home despite there not being as fantastic of job prospects or absence of gun bans. Just as he cannot make me understand how horrible he considers the US now.
I think everyone's assumptions about my situation were totally fair, because I did paint pretty much the whole story in my thread. However, a few things to note are that my husband did work as a lawyer before moving to finance, so I know he could get a job back in the US. Would it pay what he makes now or even be a smart career move? No, very unlikely, and again as thanka2 mentioned, some men place a huge priority on climbing the corporate ladder, and so to him, that is extremely important. This is not a housewife vs. breadwinner issue either - I work as well, and I would take a paycut too to return home, but I think it's worth it whereas he does not. It's not even about placing a high value on financial stability, because I do too, it's more that our risk assessment is different. To me, as professionals with excellent resumes, we could find jobs in the US that would let us live very comfortably (and in many ways, more comfortably than here because we could afford so much more space). To him, there will be zero job prospects and we'll be living in poverty. Despite my trying to see his side out of fairness (not that he does me that courtesy), I think he is being ridiculous, but I honestly don't understand what the real reason is behind his not liking the US anymore. Oh also, and it should be obvious given the way I've described him, getting him into counseling would be near-impossible. He definitely doesn't feel he 'needs' counseling.
I agree with evgreen's statement that where we live should be based on what is best for the family. As some have pointed out, that's my issue entirely - I think we, together, in agreement, should make such an assessment, but he seems to think he is best equipped to make that assessment. And he doesn't understand that compromise means some concessions on his part. To him, either we go back to the US or we don't, and in his assessment it's better for the family to stay here. In him mind, we are either here or there, super simple, and he refuses to be there, so end of discussion. It is somehow my job to come up with something that he can agree to, and of course he won't agree to anything that he doesn't like 100%. And I do believe he has convinced himself that his view is what is 'best for the family', even though I also honestly believe that he is justifying what is best for himself as what is best for his family.
At the end of the day, despite all the back and forth, all I want is for him to CARE ABOUT HOW I FEEL. Because if he truly hated the US that much and never wanted to return, and yet was willing to for me because he loved me, then I wouldn't make him. I would try to work with him on something in between - more visits home, etc. But he doesn't care about my view or try to. That is why I asked about separation/divorce. I have this one life to live, and I feel I deserve some say in how I live it, and being with someone who fundamentally doesn't seem to get that he isn't dictator of our family - my opinions and wants are to be respected as well - that is not an example I want to set for my daughters about marriage or their self worth.
HowardCombs mentioned my 'green grass syndrome'. I don't take offense to this - I just thought I would point out this is exactly what I mean about priorities. It's not a syndrome, to me, 5-10 years of breathing polluted air is no more of a 'real' danger to my children than the threat of being shot, which is my husband's favorite thing to say will happen to us and our kids back in the US.
And lastly, I think if I did take off and go back for awhile, that would probably be the end of our relationship. When we were engaged I went back to the US over the holidays for 2 weeks without him. He ended up, in his displeasure with me 'ditching' him, or perhaps in usurping his male authority, going out to get drunk several times, spending an extraordinary amount of money, and in one particularly bad episode, drinking so much he let his friend bring some unstable and very young girl they had met at a bar to our house where the friend used our spare bedroom to cheat on his live-in girlfriend. I found out because the unstable girl ended up being a one-night stand, contrary to what she had hoped, and in an effort to lash out emailed me and told me the story, including how she poked around in my personal things after both my husband and his friend were passed out. I was able to forgive this and it was years ago, but you can see how it makes me dislike him getting drunk and why I feel like if I ever really did leave, he wouldn't come to the conclusion that hey, he loves us and wants to make compromises for us - he would go punish me for it and probably end up drinking and cheating or something similar. HowardCombs is right, he is not a bad person, but drinking makes him do things that I would consider a bad person would do.
So, thanks for listening, and yes, I will continue to try to talk to him, despite how that has failed so far. Not much more I can do for now.